The Culture and Customs of Syria
Sources
1. "The Lovely Planet." The Lovely Planet. Web. 8 Sept. 2015. http://www.thelovelyplanet.net/traditional-dress-of-syria/
2. "Culture Crossing." Culture Crossing. Web. 8 Sept. 2015. http://guide.culturecrossing.net/basics_business_student_details.php?Id=14&CID=199
3. "Syria: Index" Syria. DePauw University. Web. 8 Sept. 2015. http://acad.depauw.edu/~mkfinney/teaching/Com227/culturalportfolios/SYRIA/index.html
1. "The Lovely Planet." The Lovely Planet. Web. 8 Sept. 2015. http://www.thelovelyplanet.net/traditional-dress-of-syria/
2. "Culture Crossing." Culture Crossing. Web. 8 Sept. 2015. http://guide.culturecrossing.net/basics_business_student_details.php?Id=14&CID=199
3. "Syria: Index" Syria. DePauw University. Web. 8 Sept. 2015. http://acad.depauw.edu/~mkfinney/teaching/Com227/culturalportfolios/SYRIA/index.html
Religion of Syria
Syrian culture is greatly influenced by its high population of Sunni Muslims. Based on the words and actions of the Prophet Muhammad and originated in the 7th century A.D., Islam is a monotheistic faith based on the act of submission to the will of Allah. The five pillars of Islam listed include:
-Shahada: literally translated as "religious witness" which is defined as the actual act of submission
-Salat: participation in daily prayer Salat positions
-Zakat: almsgiving
-Hajj: pilgrimage to the house of Allah, located in Mecca
-Bukhari: observation of fasting during Ramadan
The primary document in Islam is the Quran, which is believed to be a literal recitation of the word of God as told to Muhammad. According to tradition, Muhammad founded the religion of Islam. He is considered the last and greastest among the prophets who emobodies the closest resemblence to perfection. Religiously, as well as politically, Muhammad established himself as a spiritual icon to Muslim followers.
Islam is divided into two main branches, Sunni and Shi'ia. Though their differences date back to early Islam, Sunni Muslims are distinct from Shi'ia due to their acceptance of caliphate (rulers following Muhammed) outside of the familial lineage. Sunnis believe in four traditions, or teachings, in accordance with the Quran, and a Muslim can choose whichever tradition they would like to fulfill. Conversely, Shi'a live by one traditon, and they believe that the cousin of Muhammad is the rightful leader of spiritual authority.
Syria has a rich religious and cultural history rooted in Islam. The Great Mosque of Damascus, built between 709 and 715 AD under caliph al-Walid I, is considered to be the oldest surviving stone mosque and an early example of monumental work in Islamic architecture. The mosque is also said to have served as a central location for Muslims during a period of Umayyad rule.
Syrian Language Characteristics
Arabic is recognized as the official language of Syria. A language with a long history and vast reach, Arabic inscriptions date back to the 4th century and it is the second most widely used writing system in the world (1). The history of Arabic is rooted in the Qu’ran, which Muslims believe was revealed to Mohammed in Arabic, thus making it a “high language”. The widespread use of Modern Standard (MSA) acts as a great cultural unifier for the Muslim community (2). Followers are said to be “People of the Book” and all texts and formal speech forms across the Arab community use this classical form.
While the Muslim community uses the same written language, the spoken form of Arabic is broken into several regional dialects, which, despite different variations, are considered to be mutually intelligible (3). The Syrian dialect is Levantine Arabic, the informal verbal form also used in Lebanon, Palestine, and Jordan. This form of the language is used only for informal, day-to-day spoken interactions. As it is one of the most commonly used dialects, it is likely that a non-native speaker could still understand this form of Arabic, despite various different words and speech patterns.
In addition to its influence on the cultural, religious, and political language in Syria, Arabic is also an important part of the arts. The Arabic language itself is said to have developed out of the rhythmic, elevated, and rhymed language used for the public recitation of poetry (4). After its first textual appearance in the Qu’ran, the written form of Arabic was next seen in elaborate prose written by poets to share stories of the prophet and Arab history. They Syrian poet Abu’l-‘Ala al-Ma’arri, who lived from 973-1057, is historically significant as his work questioned general conceptions regarding the afterlife (4). The written Arabic language has also had an enormous impact on Islamic art. Calligraphy is recognized as a high art form used for decoration in mosques and as an outlet of creative expression that complies with the Islamic ban on figural representation (2).
Syrian Nonverbal Communication
Both verbal and nonverbal communication in Syria are very important to maintaining social harmony and appropriate social barriers. In the Muslim faith, communication is built around Shura or "mutual consultation." Shura not only promotes effective verbal communication but nonverbal communication as well (1).
Muslims see nonverbal cues as very important to social harmony as nonverbal criticism such as inappropriate gestures or giving someone the silent treatment may cause misunderstanding and conflict (1). For example, it is seen as inappropriate to touch someone on the head, therefore patting a child on the head would be construed as very offensive in the Middle East. Specifically, Muslims believe it is best to communicate clearly and avoid nonverbal communication if it is not intended to show love, thanks or appreciation; however, it is better to verbalize these emotions (2).
Other cultural mannerisms are outlined by nonverbal communication as well. In most Middle Eastern countries the left hand is viewed as impure and should only be used for bodily hygiene. As a result, the left hand should never be extended to greet someone or accept a gift. Eye contact is also important to Middle Easterners; however they are often considered to have “languid eyes,” as they look half closed, yet this is not interpreted to show disrespect or disinterest. In addition, when communicating people in the Middle East often stand very close to one another and are quite frank (2).
Gender also plays a strong role in nonverbal communication. For example, Muslim women may find it offensive if a man stands or sits to close to her, even a male physician (1). Young children are even taught not to touch members of the opposite sex. Yet, men are often affectionate towards each other. It is common for men to be seen walking down the street holding hands or greeting each other with a hug (2).
Traditional Syrian Dress
The Syrian people wear their traditional dresses on the celebrations, marriage ceremonies and the birth occasions of the new borne babies. The traditional dress of Syria is famous in the Arab region for its conventional crafts, embroidery and fabulous designs. Although, the modern dressing is the fusion of the traditional and western styles and the people of Syria nowadays normally wear westerly attires, yet the traditional gowns, coats and jackets are still popular among the Syrian community.
The Syrian men used to wear the traditional dress including a white shirt made of cotton. They loved to embellish the costume with blue, red and black embroidery round the neck and at the chest. Underneath the shirt men usually wore a pant (shirwal) made of colored or non dyed cotton fabric. They also used the traditional coats made with light fabrics as the outer wear which were wide opened at the front and embroidered on its edges. The men also used another cloak which is known as Abaya which is normally made of various light-weight silk, artificial silk or mixed silk or cotton fabrics. They cover their heads with the scarves made of fine cotton or blue or violet silky fabric with red threads.
The traditional dress for women in Syria is a garment made with triangular sleeves and it is called asThob. In the past, the tailors used to apply elegant embroidery round the neck, at the chest and the sides. These dresses were further decorated with amazing patchworks in brilliant colors. The women also wore some other garments made with wool and other delicate fabrics. They also wrapped the dresses with a belt woven from red and black wool or cotton.
The upper garment for the women was a coat stitched with materials in dark colors with wide sleeves and side slits. The women of Syria wrap their heads with silky scarves decorated with splendid embroidery and fringes.
The traditional dress of Syria can be seen commonly on the eve of the celebrations of national importance. Such events particularly take place in Damascus and Aleppo which are culturally very rich cities.
Syrian Traditions
A few of the traditions passed down through the years include Syrian cuisine, folklore dance, and festivals.
Cuisine
The typical food in Syria is centered on fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts and aromatic spices (1). Principally, Syrians tend to add lemons, garlic, onion and ginger into most of their recipes. All of these ingredients are used in a myriad of dishes and derive from the culture’s most agriculturally rich regions of Syria.
During a typical meal, Syrians begin with hors d’oeurves and appetizers, translated as “mezze” which primarily consist of vegetables, nuts and salads. An example of hors d’oeurve is called “kibbe.” It consists of meat and pine nuts within a shell of wheat and flour, and it is one of the most difficult foods to make (1). Soups are also common as well. Main dishes consist of chicken or fish and a side of rice. For most meals, pita bread is served as a means for dipping into a variety of the foods, especially “humus.” After the main course, Syrians end the meal with tea or coffee accompanied with fruit and pastries (1).
For Syrians, presentation is everything. Making the food look appetizing and setting the table appropriately reflected her abilities as well (1). Everything, even the simplest dishes are garnished with fresh herbs. Because such a tremendous amount of time and effort are placed on Syrian meals, the quality of the cooking determines the competency of the individual (usually a woman) who had cooked the meal.
Festivals
Entertainment is a major aspect of Syrian life. The following explains a few of the most popular festivals held in Syrian cities.
The Traditional Festival
Taking place in May, the popular Traditional Festival, also known as the Desert Festival, is an exhilarating and entertaining event of about 40 camels racing through the ruins of Palmyra, an ancient Syrian city (1).
The Bosra Festival
In the month of September, the Bosra Festival, which takes place in the city of Bosra, promotes cultural exchange and diversity. During this festival, several musicians of opera, symphony, ballet and other classical genres from around the world join to celebrate their differences (2).
The International Flower Fair
In the city of Damascus, the International Flower fair presents the most beautiful flowers of the world, including the renowned Damascus rose (2). Amongst the variety of competitions, visitors experience the beauty and senses of nature.
The Damascus International Fair
Another popular festival, held in Damascus, is called the Damascus International Trade Fair. Taking pace in September, this fair is “recognized as one of the most traditional business events in all of the Middle East,” and over 45 countries have participated in previous fairs (2).
Folklore Dance: Dabka
Within Syria, modernism has altered the fundamental traditions of the past, especially in a folklore dance called Dabka. While the dance is still used in today’s performances, the specific movements and characteristics of the dance have changed with time. However, the emotions that derive from the dance, including joy, excitement and anguish have lasted through the years.
Dabka is a dance “of several light coordinated steps with movements of the body that express vivacity of the males and tenderness of the females, accompanied by frequent organized
movements of feet, beating the ground in harmony with a drum, a flute or any other country musical instrument.”(1)
Therefore, Dabka was primarily a rapid beating of the feet. In modern society, there are different types of Dabka that exist around Syria. Depending on the region where it is performed, the dance may be more energetic or more serene due to laborious circumstances and social nature within that specific region.(1) The songs that originate from the dance represent the customs and the dialect of a certain region as well.(1) Nevertheless, despite the variety of regional dances, Syrian folklore dance is a fundamental aspect of society that will be cherished for generations to come.
Family
Because of its extensive history and religious zeal, Syria is a traditional society that prides itself on several significant factors of life. The culture focuses on the importance of respect, self-discipline, education and above all, family.
Even with other significant aspects of life, including business and social duties, Syrians put family above everything else. The family background of an individual is the main reason for their reputation and social status. Furthermore, a great amount of honor and respect is placed on the family. Syrians believe that there is no loyalty as great as the loyalty found among family members, and it is not likely for a Syrian to put as much loyalty into any other aspect of his life. In fact, “There is widespread conviction that the only reliable people are one's kinsmen” (1). Therefore, family holds the highest value within the Syrian culture.
Marriage and the birth of children are among the greatest celebrations of Syria. However, Syrians are very strict in regards to both events. They “universally encourage endogamy or the marriage of members within the group” (1). This further supports their passion and attention towards family background. While the family background of a woman is still significant, tracing descent is usually more common among men. After all, since men tend to have more authority and power in this society, it is wise for a woman to marry a man with an honorable family background in order to keep the family proud. Sometimes marriages are arranged, but typically, the standard is to marry within the Arab community and to someone who has a reputable family background (1).
Therefore, primarily due to religious beliefs and social expectations, Syrians put their families on a pedestal. Because Syrians depend on their families to such an extent, interrupting or upsetting family life would be foolish with devastating effects on its members. Furthermore, the attention to the family is especially recognizable in regards to the demanding expectations for the marriage of kin. Evidently, since family is one of the main stable foundations of Syrian society, given their political, economic and social unrest, they completely support their values and norms within the family context.
Syrian Business Customs
Visitors traveling to Syria must be aware and constantly conscious of the country’s traditions and societal norms, and attention to such behaviors becomes increasingly important in the world of business. Foreign businesses that operate in this traditionally conservative and heavily Islamic environment cite that problems in the workplace typically arise due to differences in preferred pace, confusing government policy, and decisions based on loyalty to relationships rather than business minded (1). In attempting to forge new business relationships in Syria it is advised that visitors familiarize themselves with the following characteristics of the Syrian business world:
Formalities
Syrian business dress is equally formal to what is expected internationally; attire should match the conservative mindset of this setting (1). Women are very rarely present in the Syrian workplace, much less involved in negotiations, and are viewed as a threat; thus visiting females should particularly make an effort to dress modestly in order to assimilate more easily into the business environment.
Business cards are expected to be available for exchange (1). If possible, have cards readily available that also include Arabic translations. It is customary to ask many questions and get to know someone during introductions; questions regarding family, friends, and personal matters are not out of the ordinary. Syrians are also very well connected and closely tied to their extended family. Outsiders should be very conscious of what they say or comments made about other individuals as they more than likely could get back to the person or possibly offend a new acquaintance (2).
Work Schedule
The Syrian workweek operates Sunday through Thursday, leaving the days of Friday and Saturday as the weekend (1). The average workday begins at 9 am and goes until 2 pm, at which time a lunch break is taken. It is important not to place calls or attempt to conduct business matters at this time. Following this break, business resumes at 5 pm and continues to 9 pm.
Negotiations
It is standard for Syrian business interactions and negotiations to take place over food and drink, the appropriate drink being tea or coffee (2). Frustrations often arise from foreign businesses conscious of time as money due to the fact that Syrians do not consider time a factor of business negotiations. It is customary to become familiar with a new acquaintance and engage in “chit chat” prior to the actual negotiation (2).
Once negotiations have commenced, Syrian’s are said to speak from the heart and tell stories, a style more personal than what is recognized as typically business-like (2). Negotiations are often left open and could take a matter of days, weeks or months. Syrians would rather not say anything or not come to a resolution than say something incorrect; timeliness is not considered as a Syrian business may get back to a foreign company weeks or months later, a practice that is customary but often misinterpreted abroad as very delayed or rude.
It is crucial to build a personal relationship with Syrians, as a major complaint of outside businesses is that the winning of a bid is often based upon loyalty to relationships rather than an actual business proposal (1). Securing a contract is one way of ensuring a solidified business relationship, however this may not be a definite solution as the influence of government policy will be discussed below.
Typologies of Syria
Cultures are dynamic and always changing, yet some of these qualities are intrinsic. These traits are often learned, cuturally distinctive and passed down through generations. Researchers have developed ways of evaluating these traits and culturally specific behaviors through the use of Hofstede's Value Dimensions, Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Human Nature Orientations, and Hall's High Context and Low Context Orientations.
Hofstede’s Value Dimensions:
The following focuses on Hofstede’s four value dimensions which include individualism/collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, masculinity/femininity, and long or short term orientation.
In determining the individualism/collectivism factor, Hofstede recommends evaluating the culture’s desire to focus on the self or the group as a whole. Uncertainty avoidance defines how a culture avoids ambiguous situations. Higher avoidance shows a low tolerance for ambiguity and lower avoidance shows a high tolerance for ambiguity. The power distance of a culture is determined by how power is distributed amongst its citizens and how the power from authorities is perceived. In regards to masculinity/femininity, the culture’s views towards personal achievement and acquirement of wealth versus helping others and the quality of life will determine whether the culture has high masculinity or low masculinity. Lastly, a culture is short term oriented if they live for today rather than living for tomorrow, which is characterized as long term oriented.
Collectivist – Syria upholds a unity within their nation primarily because of the Islam religion, which acknowledges sacrificing oneself for the betterment of the group. Furthermore, collectivism is represented in their motto: “Unity, liberty and socialism.”
High Uncertainty Avoidance – Syrians believe in upholding traditions, making them past oriented. Because of their conservative and religious outlook, modernization is a threat to Islamic principles. Additionally, several laws were developed to govern social behavior.
High Power Distance – Syria values socialism, and therefore equality among its members. However, because of previous instability and corruption within the government, political officials control numerous aspects of society.
High Masculinity – Men dominate politics and business, leaving the women to raise the family and maintain the household.
Short Term Orientation – Since Syria is marked by instability, it is short term oriented. Although they value past traditions, they still struggle, day by day, to maintain a sense of security.
Kluckhohn’s and Strodtbeck’s Value Orientations:
The following are Kluckholm and Strodtbeck’s value orientations which deal with five universal aspects of human behavior. The first value orientation deals with the character of human nature in that culture. The second value orientation is in regards to nature and whether humans of that culture are subservient to nature or masters of nature. The third value orientation evaluates the orientation towards time within that culture, which asks whether they are past oriented, present oriented or future oriented. The fourth value dimension discusses the culture’s value in regards to current activity. This asks whether they are a being culture, a becoming culture or a doing culture. The fifth and final value dimension deals with the relationship between people and power.
Mixture of Good and Evil – Muslim is the primary religion in Syria. Because of this, Syrians view human nature as a mixture of good and evil due to the Muslim belief that people are inherently good, but the political instability which may make Syrians believe that people are also evil.
Harmony with Nature – Based on the geography of Syria, much of the terrain is desert land. This land cannot be used for agricultural purposes, and Syria has had a few problems dealing with deforestation and overgrazing in richer soiled lands. However, there has been progress towards creating more protected natural space in order to maintain the nature within Syria.
Past/Present Oriented – Syrians are past oriented because they follow many of the conservative traditions of Muslim teachings. However, they are present oriented as well because they are becoming more aware of the progressive global economy and strive to be a major contributor to its successes.
Being in Becoming – Syria is a being culture primarily due to the main religion having traditions that Muslims in Syria would like to uphold and maintain. However, it is a being in becoming culture because they are currently improving their economic and political foundations to adjust to the changing global arena.
Authoritarian – Within much of the Arab world, including Syria, many believe that certain people are born to lead while others should follow. This is in accordance with the Islam faith and social institutions.
Syrian Taboos
Don’t point the toe or heel or any part of the foot at any person.
Syrian culture is greatly influenced by its high population of Sunni Muslims. Based on the words and actions of the Prophet Muhammad and originated in the 7th century A.D., Islam is a monotheistic faith based on the act of submission to the will of Allah. The five pillars of Islam listed include:
-Shahada: literally translated as "religious witness" which is defined as the actual act of submission
-Salat: participation in daily prayer Salat positions
-Zakat: almsgiving
-Hajj: pilgrimage to the house of Allah, located in Mecca
-Bukhari: observation of fasting during Ramadan
The primary document in Islam is the Quran, which is believed to be a literal recitation of the word of God as told to Muhammad. According to tradition, Muhammad founded the religion of Islam. He is considered the last and greastest among the prophets who emobodies the closest resemblence to perfection. Religiously, as well as politically, Muhammad established himself as a spiritual icon to Muslim followers.
Islam is divided into two main branches, Sunni and Shi'ia. Though their differences date back to early Islam, Sunni Muslims are distinct from Shi'ia due to their acceptance of caliphate (rulers following Muhammed) outside of the familial lineage. Sunnis believe in four traditions, or teachings, in accordance with the Quran, and a Muslim can choose whichever tradition they would like to fulfill. Conversely, Shi'a live by one traditon, and they believe that the cousin of Muhammad is the rightful leader of spiritual authority.
Syria has a rich religious and cultural history rooted in Islam. The Great Mosque of Damascus, built between 709 and 715 AD under caliph al-Walid I, is considered to be the oldest surviving stone mosque and an early example of monumental work in Islamic architecture. The mosque is also said to have served as a central location for Muslims during a period of Umayyad rule.
Syrian Language Characteristics
Arabic is recognized as the official language of Syria. A language with a long history and vast reach, Arabic inscriptions date back to the 4th century and it is the second most widely used writing system in the world (1). The history of Arabic is rooted in the Qu’ran, which Muslims believe was revealed to Mohammed in Arabic, thus making it a “high language”. The widespread use of Modern Standard (MSA) acts as a great cultural unifier for the Muslim community (2). Followers are said to be “People of the Book” and all texts and formal speech forms across the Arab community use this classical form.
While the Muslim community uses the same written language, the spoken form of Arabic is broken into several regional dialects, which, despite different variations, are considered to be mutually intelligible (3). The Syrian dialect is Levantine Arabic, the informal verbal form also used in Lebanon, Palestine, and Jordan. This form of the language is used only for informal, day-to-day spoken interactions. As it is one of the most commonly used dialects, it is likely that a non-native speaker could still understand this form of Arabic, despite various different words and speech patterns.
In addition to its influence on the cultural, religious, and political language in Syria, Arabic is also an important part of the arts. The Arabic language itself is said to have developed out of the rhythmic, elevated, and rhymed language used for the public recitation of poetry (4). After its first textual appearance in the Qu’ran, the written form of Arabic was next seen in elaborate prose written by poets to share stories of the prophet and Arab history. They Syrian poet Abu’l-‘Ala al-Ma’arri, who lived from 973-1057, is historically significant as his work questioned general conceptions regarding the afterlife (4). The written Arabic language has also had an enormous impact on Islamic art. Calligraphy is recognized as a high art form used for decoration in mosques and as an outlet of creative expression that complies with the Islamic ban on figural representation (2).
Syrian Nonverbal Communication
Both verbal and nonverbal communication in Syria are very important to maintaining social harmony and appropriate social barriers. In the Muslim faith, communication is built around Shura or "mutual consultation." Shura not only promotes effective verbal communication but nonverbal communication as well (1).
Muslims see nonverbal cues as very important to social harmony as nonverbal criticism such as inappropriate gestures or giving someone the silent treatment may cause misunderstanding and conflict (1). For example, it is seen as inappropriate to touch someone on the head, therefore patting a child on the head would be construed as very offensive in the Middle East. Specifically, Muslims believe it is best to communicate clearly and avoid nonverbal communication if it is not intended to show love, thanks or appreciation; however, it is better to verbalize these emotions (2).
Other cultural mannerisms are outlined by nonverbal communication as well. In most Middle Eastern countries the left hand is viewed as impure and should only be used for bodily hygiene. As a result, the left hand should never be extended to greet someone or accept a gift. Eye contact is also important to Middle Easterners; however they are often considered to have “languid eyes,” as they look half closed, yet this is not interpreted to show disrespect or disinterest. In addition, when communicating people in the Middle East often stand very close to one another and are quite frank (2).
Gender also plays a strong role in nonverbal communication. For example, Muslim women may find it offensive if a man stands or sits to close to her, even a male physician (1). Young children are even taught not to touch members of the opposite sex. Yet, men are often affectionate towards each other. It is common for men to be seen walking down the street holding hands or greeting each other with a hug (2).
Traditional Syrian Dress
The Syrian people wear their traditional dresses on the celebrations, marriage ceremonies and the birth occasions of the new borne babies. The traditional dress of Syria is famous in the Arab region for its conventional crafts, embroidery and fabulous designs. Although, the modern dressing is the fusion of the traditional and western styles and the people of Syria nowadays normally wear westerly attires, yet the traditional gowns, coats and jackets are still popular among the Syrian community.
The Syrian men used to wear the traditional dress including a white shirt made of cotton. They loved to embellish the costume with blue, red and black embroidery round the neck and at the chest. Underneath the shirt men usually wore a pant (shirwal) made of colored or non dyed cotton fabric. They also used the traditional coats made with light fabrics as the outer wear which were wide opened at the front and embroidered on its edges. The men also used another cloak which is known as Abaya which is normally made of various light-weight silk, artificial silk or mixed silk or cotton fabrics. They cover their heads with the scarves made of fine cotton or blue or violet silky fabric with red threads.
The traditional dress for women in Syria is a garment made with triangular sleeves and it is called asThob. In the past, the tailors used to apply elegant embroidery round the neck, at the chest and the sides. These dresses were further decorated with amazing patchworks in brilliant colors. The women also wore some other garments made with wool and other delicate fabrics. They also wrapped the dresses with a belt woven from red and black wool or cotton.
The upper garment for the women was a coat stitched with materials in dark colors with wide sleeves and side slits. The women of Syria wrap their heads with silky scarves decorated with splendid embroidery and fringes.
The traditional dress of Syria can be seen commonly on the eve of the celebrations of national importance. Such events particularly take place in Damascus and Aleppo which are culturally very rich cities.
Syrian Traditions
A few of the traditions passed down through the years include Syrian cuisine, folklore dance, and festivals.
Cuisine
The typical food in Syria is centered on fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts and aromatic spices (1). Principally, Syrians tend to add lemons, garlic, onion and ginger into most of their recipes. All of these ingredients are used in a myriad of dishes and derive from the culture’s most agriculturally rich regions of Syria.
During a typical meal, Syrians begin with hors d’oeurves and appetizers, translated as “mezze” which primarily consist of vegetables, nuts and salads. An example of hors d’oeurve is called “kibbe.” It consists of meat and pine nuts within a shell of wheat and flour, and it is one of the most difficult foods to make (1). Soups are also common as well. Main dishes consist of chicken or fish and a side of rice. For most meals, pita bread is served as a means for dipping into a variety of the foods, especially “humus.” After the main course, Syrians end the meal with tea or coffee accompanied with fruit and pastries (1).
For Syrians, presentation is everything. Making the food look appetizing and setting the table appropriately reflected her abilities as well (1). Everything, even the simplest dishes are garnished with fresh herbs. Because such a tremendous amount of time and effort are placed on Syrian meals, the quality of the cooking determines the competency of the individual (usually a woman) who had cooked the meal.
Festivals
Entertainment is a major aspect of Syrian life. The following explains a few of the most popular festivals held in Syrian cities.
The Traditional Festival
Taking place in May, the popular Traditional Festival, also known as the Desert Festival, is an exhilarating and entertaining event of about 40 camels racing through the ruins of Palmyra, an ancient Syrian city (1).
The Bosra Festival
In the month of September, the Bosra Festival, which takes place in the city of Bosra, promotes cultural exchange and diversity. During this festival, several musicians of opera, symphony, ballet and other classical genres from around the world join to celebrate their differences (2).
The International Flower Fair
In the city of Damascus, the International Flower fair presents the most beautiful flowers of the world, including the renowned Damascus rose (2). Amongst the variety of competitions, visitors experience the beauty and senses of nature.
The Damascus International Fair
Another popular festival, held in Damascus, is called the Damascus International Trade Fair. Taking pace in September, this fair is “recognized as one of the most traditional business events in all of the Middle East,” and over 45 countries have participated in previous fairs (2).
Folklore Dance: Dabka
Within Syria, modernism has altered the fundamental traditions of the past, especially in a folklore dance called Dabka. While the dance is still used in today’s performances, the specific movements and characteristics of the dance have changed with time. However, the emotions that derive from the dance, including joy, excitement and anguish have lasted through the years.
Dabka is a dance “of several light coordinated steps with movements of the body that express vivacity of the males and tenderness of the females, accompanied by frequent organized
movements of feet, beating the ground in harmony with a drum, a flute or any other country musical instrument.”(1)
Therefore, Dabka was primarily a rapid beating of the feet. In modern society, there are different types of Dabka that exist around Syria. Depending on the region where it is performed, the dance may be more energetic or more serene due to laborious circumstances and social nature within that specific region.(1) The songs that originate from the dance represent the customs and the dialect of a certain region as well.(1) Nevertheless, despite the variety of regional dances, Syrian folklore dance is a fundamental aspect of society that will be cherished for generations to come.
Family
Because of its extensive history and religious zeal, Syria is a traditional society that prides itself on several significant factors of life. The culture focuses on the importance of respect, self-discipline, education and above all, family.
Even with other significant aspects of life, including business and social duties, Syrians put family above everything else. The family background of an individual is the main reason for their reputation and social status. Furthermore, a great amount of honor and respect is placed on the family. Syrians believe that there is no loyalty as great as the loyalty found among family members, and it is not likely for a Syrian to put as much loyalty into any other aspect of his life. In fact, “There is widespread conviction that the only reliable people are one's kinsmen” (1). Therefore, family holds the highest value within the Syrian culture.
Marriage and the birth of children are among the greatest celebrations of Syria. However, Syrians are very strict in regards to both events. They “universally encourage endogamy or the marriage of members within the group” (1). This further supports their passion and attention towards family background. While the family background of a woman is still significant, tracing descent is usually more common among men. After all, since men tend to have more authority and power in this society, it is wise for a woman to marry a man with an honorable family background in order to keep the family proud. Sometimes marriages are arranged, but typically, the standard is to marry within the Arab community and to someone who has a reputable family background (1).
Therefore, primarily due to religious beliefs and social expectations, Syrians put their families on a pedestal. Because Syrians depend on their families to such an extent, interrupting or upsetting family life would be foolish with devastating effects on its members. Furthermore, the attention to the family is especially recognizable in regards to the demanding expectations for the marriage of kin. Evidently, since family is one of the main stable foundations of Syrian society, given their political, economic and social unrest, they completely support their values and norms within the family context.
Syrian Business Customs
Visitors traveling to Syria must be aware and constantly conscious of the country’s traditions and societal norms, and attention to such behaviors becomes increasingly important in the world of business. Foreign businesses that operate in this traditionally conservative and heavily Islamic environment cite that problems in the workplace typically arise due to differences in preferred pace, confusing government policy, and decisions based on loyalty to relationships rather than business minded (1). In attempting to forge new business relationships in Syria it is advised that visitors familiarize themselves with the following characteristics of the Syrian business world:
Formalities
Syrian business dress is equally formal to what is expected internationally; attire should match the conservative mindset of this setting (1). Women are very rarely present in the Syrian workplace, much less involved in negotiations, and are viewed as a threat; thus visiting females should particularly make an effort to dress modestly in order to assimilate more easily into the business environment.
Business cards are expected to be available for exchange (1). If possible, have cards readily available that also include Arabic translations. It is customary to ask many questions and get to know someone during introductions; questions regarding family, friends, and personal matters are not out of the ordinary. Syrians are also very well connected and closely tied to their extended family. Outsiders should be very conscious of what they say or comments made about other individuals as they more than likely could get back to the person or possibly offend a new acquaintance (2).
Work Schedule
The Syrian workweek operates Sunday through Thursday, leaving the days of Friday and Saturday as the weekend (1). The average workday begins at 9 am and goes until 2 pm, at which time a lunch break is taken. It is important not to place calls or attempt to conduct business matters at this time. Following this break, business resumes at 5 pm and continues to 9 pm.
Negotiations
It is standard for Syrian business interactions and negotiations to take place over food and drink, the appropriate drink being tea or coffee (2). Frustrations often arise from foreign businesses conscious of time as money due to the fact that Syrians do not consider time a factor of business negotiations. It is customary to become familiar with a new acquaintance and engage in “chit chat” prior to the actual negotiation (2).
Once negotiations have commenced, Syrian’s are said to speak from the heart and tell stories, a style more personal than what is recognized as typically business-like (2). Negotiations are often left open and could take a matter of days, weeks or months. Syrians would rather not say anything or not come to a resolution than say something incorrect; timeliness is not considered as a Syrian business may get back to a foreign company weeks or months later, a practice that is customary but often misinterpreted abroad as very delayed or rude.
It is crucial to build a personal relationship with Syrians, as a major complaint of outside businesses is that the winning of a bid is often based upon loyalty to relationships rather than an actual business proposal (1). Securing a contract is one way of ensuring a solidified business relationship, however this may not be a definite solution as the influence of government policy will be discussed below.
Typologies of Syria
Cultures are dynamic and always changing, yet some of these qualities are intrinsic. These traits are often learned, cuturally distinctive and passed down through generations. Researchers have developed ways of evaluating these traits and culturally specific behaviors through the use of Hofstede's Value Dimensions, Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Human Nature Orientations, and Hall's High Context and Low Context Orientations.
Hofstede’s Value Dimensions:
The following focuses on Hofstede’s four value dimensions which include individualism/collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, masculinity/femininity, and long or short term orientation.
In determining the individualism/collectivism factor, Hofstede recommends evaluating the culture’s desire to focus on the self or the group as a whole. Uncertainty avoidance defines how a culture avoids ambiguous situations. Higher avoidance shows a low tolerance for ambiguity and lower avoidance shows a high tolerance for ambiguity. The power distance of a culture is determined by how power is distributed amongst its citizens and how the power from authorities is perceived. In regards to masculinity/femininity, the culture’s views towards personal achievement and acquirement of wealth versus helping others and the quality of life will determine whether the culture has high masculinity or low masculinity. Lastly, a culture is short term oriented if they live for today rather than living for tomorrow, which is characterized as long term oriented.
Collectivist – Syria upholds a unity within their nation primarily because of the Islam religion, which acknowledges sacrificing oneself for the betterment of the group. Furthermore, collectivism is represented in their motto: “Unity, liberty and socialism.”
High Uncertainty Avoidance – Syrians believe in upholding traditions, making them past oriented. Because of their conservative and religious outlook, modernization is a threat to Islamic principles. Additionally, several laws were developed to govern social behavior.
High Power Distance – Syria values socialism, and therefore equality among its members. However, because of previous instability and corruption within the government, political officials control numerous aspects of society.
High Masculinity – Men dominate politics and business, leaving the women to raise the family and maintain the household.
Short Term Orientation – Since Syria is marked by instability, it is short term oriented. Although they value past traditions, they still struggle, day by day, to maintain a sense of security.
Kluckhohn’s and Strodtbeck’s Value Orientations:
The following are Kluckholm and Strodtbeck’s value orientations which deal with five universal aspects of human behavior. The first value orientation deals with the character of human nature in that culture. The second value orientation is in regards to nature and whether humans of that culture are subservient to nature or masters of nature. The third value orientation evaluates the orientation towards time within that culture, which asks whether they are past oriented, present oriented or future oriented. The fourth value dimension discusses the culture’s value in regards to current activity. This asks whether they are a being culture, a becoming culture or a doing culture. The fifth and final value dimension deals with the relationship between people and power.
Mixture of Good and Evil – Muslim is the primary religion in Syria. Because of this, Syrians view human nature as a mixture of good and evil due to the Muslim belief that people are inherently good, but the political instability which may make Syrians believe that people are also evil.
Harmony with Nature – Based on the geography of Syria, much of the terrain is desert land. This land cannot be used for agricultural purposes, and Syria has had a few problems dealing with deforestation and overgrazing in richer soiled lands. However, there has been progress towards creating more protected natural space in order to maintain the nature within Syria.
Past/Present Oriented – Syrians are past oriented because they follow many of the conservative traditions of Muslim teachings. However, they are present oriented as well because they are becoming more aware of the progressive global economy and strive to be a major contributor to its successes.
Being in Becoming – Syria is a being culture primarily due to the main religion having traditions that Muslims in Syria would like to uphold and maintain. However, it is a being in becoming culture because they are currently improving their economic and political foundations to adjust to the changing global arena.
Authoritarian – Within much of the Arab world, including Syria, many believe that certain people are born to lead while others should follow. This is in accordance with the Islam faith and social institutions.
Syrian Taboos
Don’t point the toe or heel or any part of the foot at any person.
- Don’t show the sole of your foot or use the foot to move anything as it is viewed as the lowliest body part.
- Homosexuality is against the law and carries a heavy penalty.
- Public displays of affection/partial nudity/ are completely unacceptable.
Lewd or indecent behavior, (including consumption of alcohol/drunkenness) in conservative/religious areas and places of worship is completely unacceptable.